What Is the Most Reactive Metal on the Periodic Table

The most reactive metal on the periodic table is francium. Francium, however, is a laboratory-produced  element and only minute quantities have been made, so for all practical purposes, the most reactive metal is cesium. Cesium reacts explosively with water, though it is predicted francium would react even more vigorously. Using the Metal Activity Series You can use the metal activity series to predict which metal will be the most reactive and to compare the reactivity of different metals. The activity series is a chart that lists elements according to how readily the metals displace H2 in reactions. If you dont have the chart of the activity series handy, you can also use trends in the periodic table to predict the reactivity of a metal or nonmetal. The most reactive metals belong to the alkali metals element group. Reactivity increases as you move down the alkali metals group. The increase in reactivity correlates to a decrease in electronegativity  (increase in electropositivity.) So, just by looking at the periodic table, you can predict lithium will be less reactive than sodium, and francium will be more reactive than cesium and all of the other elements listed above it in the element group. What Determines Reactivity? Reactivity is a measure of how likely a chemical species is to participate in a chemical reaction to form chemical bonds. An element that is highly electronegative, such as fluorine, has an extremely high attraction for bonding electrons. Elements at the opposite end of the spectrum, such as highly reactive metals cesium and francium, readily form bonds with electronegative atoms. As you move down a column or group of the periodic table, the size of the atomic radius increases. For the metals, this means the outermost electrons becomes farther away from the positively-charged nucleus. These electrons are easier to remove, so the atoms readily form chemical bonds. In other words, as you increase the size of atoms of metals in a group, their reactivity also increases.

The Civil Rights Act Of 1964 Essay - 1444 Words

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was significant to African Americans because the act ended segregation in public places and ended employment prejudice based on the pigment of skin, national origin, gender, ethnicity, or/and religion. The Act was one of the most momentous events to impact African Americans on the account of bringing equality to minorities on paper and giving them opportunities to voice their political and community concerns. However, there were unforeseen consequences that added to the suffering of the community which they expressed through riots and protest marches in efforts to ensure their new protections were enforced. The advancement of the Act helped the African American civil rights group in their awareness and voice in government, made tremendous strides in their group, and contributed to other minorities to gaining equality. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 affected African Americans both positively and negatively through federalism, minority rights, and judicial re view. Federalism is a system of government where the states share power with the national government creating three levels of government, local, state, and national. The Civil Rights Act has flourished through federalism because if state laws are ratified that contradict national civil right laws, the national government can pass specific laws to banish the discrepancy. Federalism and the federal law that protects the civil rights of minorities, is what ended de-jure segregation, theShow MoreRelatedCivil Rights Act of 19641840 Words   |  8 PagesBefore the Civil Rights Act of 1964, segregation in the United States was commonly practiced in many of the Southern and Border States. This segregation while supposed to be separate but equal, was hardly that. Blacks in the South were discriminated against repeatedly while laws did nothing to protect their individual rights. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ridded the nation of this legal segregation and cleared a path towards equality an d integration. The passage of this Act, while forever alteringRead More Civil Rights Act of 1964 Essay1338 Words   |  6 Pages The Civil Rights Act of 1964 resulted from one of the most controversial House and Senate debates in history. It was also the biggest piece of civil rights legislation ever passed. The bill actually evolved from previous civil rights bills in the late 1950’s and early 1960’s. The bill passed through both houses finally on July 2, 1964 and was signed into law at 6:55 P.M. EST by President Lyndon Johnson. The act was originally drawn up in 1962 under President Kennedy before his assassinationRead MoreEssay on Civil Rights Act of 19646131 Words   |  25 PagesThe Civil Rights Act of 1964 Danielle Endler Human Resources 4050, Spring 2013 Semester Professor David Penkrot May 3, 2013 The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is considered by some to be one of the most important laws in American history. (The Most Important Cases, Speeches, Laws Documents in American History) This Act was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964 and it is a â€Å"comprehensive federal statute aimed at reducing discrimination in public accommodations and employmentRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 1964879 Words   |  4 PagesPresident John F. Kennedy s New Frontier programs, Johnson wanted to expand civil rights and wage war on poverty. More than fifty years later, the effects of the Great Society on American life can still be felt. Civil rights fell under the scope of Johnson s Great Society programs. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, a law that ended discrimination in the US at all levels of government. Without the Civil Rights Act of 1964, blacks and other people of color would not have the opportunity to runRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 1964925 Words   |  4 PagesAmericans and even immigrants are afforded their basic civil rights based on the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The act, which was signed into law on July 2, 1964, declared all discrimination for any reason based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin will be deemed illegal in the United States (National Park Service, n.d.). When the act was enacted, people had to become more open minded; more accepting to the various cultures and backgrounds of individuals. Understanding that concept leadsRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 1964848 Words   |  4 PagesVII, Civil Rights Act of 1964, followed by a brief description of person al experiences involving discrimination, and concluding with a reflection as to how the American workforce is protected by law. The writing will cover any ethically related issues, personal thoughts and ideas, and illustrations of how the law pertains directly to personal events, as well as provide direct links to any and all reference material covered under the purpose of this writing. Title VII, Civil Rights Act of 1964 TheRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 19641702 Words   |  7 Pagessubject to, and the subject of, discrimination. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 originally did not include gender in the bill’s wording. Were it not for a backhanded comment made in jest by a backward congressman, women would not have been afforded equal rights protection in employment (Freeman, 1991; 2004). President Harry Truman inaugurated the legal Civil Rights Movement. Though people of color had long been yearning and fighting for their rights, President Truman began this legal process nationallyRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 19641106 Words   |  5 Pages†(Cassanello). The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the most influential event in the Civil Rights Movement because it paved way for ending discrimination and segregation, and giving more rights to African- Americans. During the Civil Rights Movement African- Americans were fighting to get their rights that were being taken away from them little by little. Starting in 1955 and going well into the late 1960’s early 1970’s, African- Americans started to protest against discriminatory laws and acts such as JimRead MoreThe Civil Rights Act Of 1964880 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween conflicting viewpoints are still being faced by Americans today. (Tiona/Claire) Equality for African Americans has made remarkable progress since the approval of the Civil Rights Act, but discrimination continues. A significant step towards racial equality was the Civil Rights Act of 1964, proposed by John F. Kennedy. This act brought an end to segregation in public facilities such as buses, restaurants, hotels, and places of entertainment. It also banned employment discrimination on the termsRead MoreThe Civil Right Act Of 19641072 Words   |  5 PagesTitle VII of the Civil Right Act of 1964, and both under the Disparate Treatment and Disparate Impact. Dunlap feels that he has been discriminated during the interview process. The district court concluded that TVAs subjective hiring process permitted racial bias against the plaintiff and other black job applicants. Tennessee Valley Authorities was found guilty of discrimination against the plaintiff. The Title Vii of the Civil Right Act of 1964 enforces the constitutional right to vote, to confer

Loy Krathong Free Essays

THIS evening, as the Thai people go to the nearby rivers, khlongs or ponds to float their lotus-shaped vessels made of banana leaves, they will be evoking the spirit of the sacred past, with a blessing of a full moon. Of all the Thai festivals, Loy Krathong is perhaps one of the most ritualistic and colourful events, rich in religious and spiritual expression. A krathong normally comes with a candle, three-joss-sticks and some flowers. We will write a custom essay sample on Loy Krathong or any similar topic only for you Order Now Floating the krathong down the river during the high tide, and after the rainy season is over, not only signifies the attempt to purge evil or bad luck, but also represents an act of worshipping the Goddess of the water. Therein lies the influence of Brahminism. Brahmin rites cannot be separated from the traditional religious practices of the Thais. But ancient Thai beliefs and folklore also hold that there are higher spirits residing everywhere, in the rivers, the trees and the mountains. There are virtually no places on earth that are not, or have not been, occupied by ghosts or by gods.You are supposed to act with reservation and not to speak out loud when you are in a forest because you do not want to disturb the spirits. But in Western thought, a forest is nothing but a wilderness for man to conquer. For Bt3,800 a ticket at the Shangri-la Hotel, you can observe the delights of fireworks above the Chao Phraya River while having your favourite wine and food. Other Bangkok hotels, with an eye for the dollar, also go at top gear with their Loy Krathong gimmicks. This is an idle, if not rather expensive, way to let the Loy Krathong Day slip by without philosophising or without the trouble fighting the crowds on the riverbanks.Nowhere in Thailand is the Loy Krathong Festival held with more fanfare than at Sukhothai, one of the ancient capitals that lies about 450 kilometres north of Bangkok. Despite its past grandeur, and its Utopian characteristics, Sukhothai’s existence comes to the fore only once a year, at the time of Loy Krathong. For most of the year Sukhothai is far from the Thai consciousness, like the ruins of its past that are forever buried under layers of the earth. Reviving Sukhothai can only be done necessarily by popularising it, with modern lights and sounds aga inst the background of its decaying structures. But as the young girls, clad in exquisite Thai costumes, prepare to float their krathongs into the pond of the Sukhothai historical park in front of the thousands of visitors, they almost unconsciously might have formed an elusive image of the grandiose Noppamas in their imaginations. What Venus is to beauty for the ancient Greeks, Noppamas is beauty for Thais. And one way of popularising Noppamas is to immortalise her through the Noppamas Beauty Queen Contest, held not only in Sukhothai but elsewhere throughout the country.Legend has it that Noppamas, a beautiful lady of exceptional wit and charm, was the first to have devised the krathong in the 13th century. She served in the court of King Lithai, the grandson of King Ramkhamhaeng The Great. A favourite of the king, Noppamas was said to have raised court mannerisms and practices to a high order. The krathong she floated created a lasting tradition that is still observed today, though with different imageries. Now Loy Krathong is firmly connected with the worldly desires for material gains. Young Thai couples also find the festival auspicious enough to bind their love together.You will know a Thai girl’s boyfriend by waiting to see with whom she goes to float the krathong with. Little do the young couples realise, however, that once they float the krathong, which is supposed to hold their spirits together, they let go their destiny into the realm of the unknown. While most Thais know Noppamas by associating her with the Loy Krathong Festival, few have bothered to go back to read King Lithai’s Buddhist to gain a proper frame of mind. While his grandfather King Ramkhamhaeng was held as the inventor of the Thai written characters, King Lithai wrote Trai Phum Phra Ruang or †Sermon on the Three Worlds†.This masterpiece was recognised as a Thai version of the Divine Comedy, ranked in the same class as Dante’s. King Lithai’s †Three Worlds† do not represent the earthly, the infernal or the heavenly spheres, but account for the three Buddhist forms of existence of the sentient world. In this religious universe, there is the world of kama-loka, or the world of the five senses; the world of rupa-loka, or the corporeal world of the 16 celestial grades; and the world of arupa-loka, or the incorporeal world where the five senses cease to function.This treatise formed a doctrinal basis for King Lithai to lead his followers to redemption. Ancient Thais were given the vision of the various cosmic realms and their inhabitants, some of whom were confined to eternal damnations if they could not break away from their sins. Floating the krathong with King Lithai — not Noppamas — in your heart will get you closer to Dharmma. A shocking reality is now emerging that in spite of her immortality, Noppamas might not exist at all. Whether she is a historical person or a fictiona l character is a subject of controversial debate in the academic circle. But let the academics carry on their debate. Noppamas will continue to exist, for in Thailand histories and legends are mixed so intensely like moulding gold into a pagoda that the facts lie in the realm of introspection. Name†¦Mr. Setthawut Maneepathompong BA. English Batch 7/1 ID: 5353020414 First Love It is so hard to write you. Why am I doing it this way, not intending ever to send this letter, still with one eye to publication, a grand concept for a book in some sense, and still with one eye, that poets conscience, to a future which becomes increasingly impossible to imagine.It seems the only way I can bear the passion behind the language, the memory, the desire, the only way not to be burnt up by what I feel. You come over me in waves of memory, especially when I sleep, and I wake up in sweat and trembling, not knowing where I am, not remembering the years that separate us. So often I wanted to write, dear E, now I am this person, I look this way (you wouldn’t like it), I do this, I feel this, lists, details, it was warm or cold on that day when that happened and then my life changed in this way and that–but I cant, I never could, and I cant now.In writing this letter, not to be sent, perhaps I can find the signs that will tell you who I have become. Dearest E, I loved you. Now that love is memory, sometimes haunting, sometimes buried, forgotten, as if dead. I see yr face, yes, I know, as it was, I remember you as I remember the sun, always, burned in my brain; somehow you are part of me, mixed up in me, for all the days of my life. I left you when you were life to me, when to be physically separated from you was sheer and consuming pain, as if a limb had been cut off, ampu tated. Leaving you was the hardest, and perhaps the bravest, thing I have ever done. Dearest E, I want to describe in some way the drive to become that impelled me to go to you and to go from you, that has driven me from person to person, place to place, bed to bed, street to street, and which somehow coheres, finds cogency and true expression, when I say, I want to write, or I want to be a writer, or I am a writer. I want to tell you that this drive to become is why I left you and why I never returned as I had promised. I was 19 when I knew you. I wanted to be a writer. I didn’t want to go mad or suffer or die.I was 19. I wasn’t afraid of anything, or, as I sometimes thought, I was equally afraid of everything so that nothing held a special terror and no action that interested me was too dangerous. I wanted to do everything that I could imagine doing, everything I had ever read about, anything any poet or hero had ever done. I loved Rimbaud. I loved Plato and through him Socrates. I loved Sappho. I loved Dostoevsky, and sweet Shelley, and Homer. I loved cold Valery, and warm D. H. Lawrence, and tortured Kafka, and raging tender Ginsberg. I didn’t have questions in words in my mind.I had instead these surging impulses that welled up and were spent. I had a hunger to know and to tell and to do everything that could be done. I had an absolute faith in my own will to survive. What I didn’t want to do was to say, look I’m this height, and I went to school here and there, and then that year I did this and that, and then I knew so and so, and then the next one was so and so, and then this situation occurred, and then that one, and the room was red and blue and three by four, and then I was that old and went there and did that and then that and then, naturally, that. I wanted instead to write books that were fire and ice, wind sweeping the earth. I wanted to write books that, once experienced, could not be forgotten, books that would be cherished as we cherish the most exquisite light we have ever seen. I had contempt for anything less than this perfect book that I could imagine. This book that lived in my imagination was small and perfect and I wanted it to live in person after person, forever. Even in the darkest of human times, it would live. Even in the life of one person who would sustain it and be sustained by it, it would live.I wanted to write a book that would be read even by one person, but always. For the rest of human time some one person would always know that book, and think it beautiful and fine and true, and then it would be like any tree that grows, or any grain of sand. It would be, and once it was it would never not be. In my secret longings there was another desire as well, not opposite but different, not the same but as strong. There would be a new social order in which people could live in a new way.There would be this new way of living which I could, on the edges of my mind and in the core of my being, imagine and taste. People would be free, and they would live decent lives, and those lives would not be without pain, but they would be without certain kinds of pain. They would be lives untouched by prisons and killings and hunger and bombs. I imagined that there could be a world without institutionalized murder and systematic cruelty. I imagined that I could write a book that would make such a world possible. So my idea of my book that I would write sometimes took another turn.It had less to do with the one person who would always, no matter how dark the times, somewhere be reading it, and it had more to do with here and now, change, transformation, revolution. I had some idea of standing, as one among many, my book as my contribution, at one point in history and changing its course and flow. I thought, imagine a book that could have stopped the Nazis, imagine a life strong and honest enough to enable one to make such a book. I began to think of writing as a powerful way of changing the human condition instead of as a beautiful way of lamenting it or as an enriching or moving way of describing it. I had wanted to make Art, which was, I had been led to believe, some impeccable product, inhuman in its process, made by madmen, inhuman in its final form, removed from life, without flaw, perfect, crystal, monumental, pain turned beautiful, sweat turned cold and stopped in time, suffering turned noble and stopped in time. But I also wanted to write a book that could be smelled and felt, that was total human process, the raw edges left as raw as any life, real, with a resolution that took one to a new beginning, not separate from my life or the lives of the multitudes who were living when I was living.I wanted to write a book that would mean something to people, not to dead people past or future, but to living people, something that would not only sustain them but change them, not only enhance the world in the sense of ornament, but transform, redefine, reinvent it. When I knew you I was 19. I did not know many things. How could I? I wanted to make Art, and I had a passion for life, and I wanted to act in the world so that it would be changed, and I knew that those things nourished one another but I did not know how.I did not know that they could be the same, that for me they must be the same, for they all had to live in this one body as one or they could not live at all. The teachers I had had did not know or tell the truth. They did not care about how artists lived in the world. They seemed to find the lives of artists shoddy and cheap, even as they found works of art marble and pure. They never talked about art as if it had anything at all to do with life. They thought that the texts were there to be analyzed, or memorized, one after another.They thought that art was better than life, better than the artists who made the art and lived their lives. They had no notion of process, how one made something out of the raw impulses of the imagination, how one cried out or mourned or raged in images, in language, in ideas. So they taught that ideas were fixed, dead, sacred or profane, right or wrong, to be studied but not created, to be learned but not lived. They did not seem to know that the whole of human literature is a conversation through time, each voice speaking to the whole of human living. How to cite Loy Krathong, Papers

IFRS Implementation in Malaysia for Fair Value -myassignmenthelp

Questions: 1. Explain the concept and the underlying assumptions of fair value accounting according to IFRS 13 Fair value measurement.2. Review relevant accounting research literature on the use of fair value accounting post IFRS harmonisation in Malaysia and a minimum of three other emerging economies in the Asia-Pacific countries. 3. Compare the disclosures on the use of fair value accounting in the annual reports of four companies (two are Malaysian listed companies, and the other two are Australian companies) for the most recent financial year (2016).4.Discuss if your findings support (or reject) the view that the use of fair value accounting since IFRS harmonisation in Malaysia has improved the quality of information disclosure. Answers: Introduction International Accounting Boards aims at bringing harmony in recording and disclosures related to financial statements. IFRS once it was applied in Malaysia had to be harmonized such that companies experienced relatively lesser confusions relating the same. The scope of the following study deals with IFRS 13 deals with application of fair value accounting standards which companies needs to accommodate. It also evaluates concept and the underlying assumptions of fair value accounting according to IFRS 13 Fair value measurement. Accounting research literature on the use of fair value accounting post IFRS harmonisation in Malaysia and a minimum of three other emerging economies in the Asia-Pacific countries. It also analyses disclosures on the use of fair value accounting in the annual reports of four companies. In the end, the several benefits associated with harmonization of such fair value accounting standards are disclosed. 1. IFRS 13 Fair value measurement explains fair values that are set within single IFRS framework. Fair value needs disclosures pertaining to measuring of fair value for all assets(Paul, 2012). Fair Value Measurement was included and incorporated in IFRS 13 on May 2011, which sets a framework allowing measurement related to fair value and their disclosures to such measurements. International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) notion to enhance disclosure set for addressing valuation techniques and measurement of fair value led to such disclosures. In order to include consistent disclosure requirements Fair value 13 where price for selling or receiving an asset for transferring a liability within market participants at a measuring date in an orderly transaction is defined as a fair value. In order to understand the concept regarding fair value certain assumptions or considerations needs to be accounted for. While measuring for fair value its condition, location restrictions for sale needs consideration in regards to any sort of assets or liabilities. Market is the principal or most advantageous location where transaction related to any asset or liability can take place(Yaacob, 2012). In case of non-financial assets the best and highest use for it is considered when taken along with other assets or treated solely. The standards incorporates a hierarchy when arriving at fair value for any sort of asset. The first level is the unadjusted quoted price for identical liabilities or assets within an active market. In the second level observable inputs for liabilities or assets as quoted price for similar assets or liabilities in active market or for identical liabilities or assets in non-active markets. In the third level, observable inputs are developed for the entity by use of best information in cases of no market activity at a particular measurement date for the asset or liability(Ahmed, 2013). IASB establishes that there will be no new requirements set in fair value accounting but a guidance for fair value measurement for standards which are already in existence. There are hence no standard set from IFRS 13 in regards to transaction dealt, hence its application is related to measurement in particular to standards and not by scope of IFRS 13. It does away with all inconsistencies in various IFRS by means of a single source of guidance in regards to fair value. The standards requires detailed disclosure for helping financial statement users by providing valuation techniques along with inputs for measurement o f fair values. In case of fair value measurements, effects on their profit or loss or other comprehensive income for the period is understood(Marzuki, 2016). In case of any changes in liabilities or assets over a time period, unrealised losses or gains for the same outstanding, increasing or decreasing net income basis or as equity in balance sheet is determined. Historically fair value had separate significance and relation as compared to its current usage that reflects price related context. In case of IASB definition for fair value, it has been taken that price for selling an asset will be used in paying a liability. This price is the exit price, hence it is concentrated on market price with assumption regarding risks(Mohammed, 2015). Characteristics of an asset is taken into consideration for its sale or usage. In case fair value accounting did not existed then a business cannot base their argument for valuation relative to itself or unwillingness for selling at low prices. Prices used in this method are orderly transaction which include market transaction for a date that is not forced for activities to occur. In cases orderly transactions are not referred to then there might be emergence of competitors or more fluctuation in prices(Yang). Even in cases of few transactions the nature of orderly might not be followed. Therefore, it can be understood that in presence of competitive spirit, sufficient information along with time there might not be presence of fair value. IFRS 13 however does not include unit of account that needs to be accommodated for fair value accounting, which are presented to individual standards for determination of unit of account. Basic characteristics of an asset or a liability needs distinction from holding asset or liabilities of a business needs to be established(Phang, 2017). Fair value makes sure that transaction takes place in principal market place, in absence of which the most advantageous market for asset or liability is taken into consideration. Most advantageous market that can provide maximum value for the asset or liability is selected, which deals in high volume of such assets or liability. A business unit carries exhaustive research for understanding where all information is available. The standards provides a broad based technique which are on market, cost and income. It can he lp entail observable inputs into fair value process(Joshi, 2016). 2. Fair value according to the IFRS is used for measurement of multiple financial instruments. A financial instrument whether fair value will be recorded in companys financial statements. Fair value measurement complies with public reporting requirements for internal processes(He, 2012). Malaysia along with other Asia-Pacific countries including Japan, China and Indonesia have implemented fair value accounting in accordance to IFRS set procedures. Emerging economies in Asia-Pacific region have adopted IFRS 13, fair value accounting that can enable financial reports compatibility of companies around the world. Global investors assesses and reviews financial reports and their credibility based on IFRS laid down standards in regards to fair value accounting hence, it becomes essential to adopt the same for getting investors funds(Adibah Wan Ismail, 2013). First and foremost usage of adoption of IFRS fair value accounting standards is to get access to global funds. Apart from attracting global funds there remains various other usages for fair value accounting methods for assets and liabilities as discussed here. Such accounting standards enables investing, measuring or managing risks, trading decisions, determining capital allotment in lines of businesses and also for the purpose of calculation of compensation. Fair value disclosure ensures various benefits regarding financial liabilities and assets as against historical cost values. Faire values are true reflection of prevailing market conditions also in comparing values of financial instruments at varying times(Horton, 2013). Financial disclosures that makes relevant usage of fair values determines usefulness of financial reports. Fair value accounting standards are also often referred to as mark-to-market accounting norms. It is especially included in Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) where companies report and measure value of liabilities as well as assets on their actual or estimated fair market price(Amirul, 2014). An unique advantage of using fair value accounting is its capability for accurate assessment of liabilities or asset valuation on an ongoing term to internal stakeholders of companys information. In case price for a liability or an asset is determined to be increased then the company marks up value for the asset or liability to its current market price for understanding what it could receive in case it sold asset or in case it itself pa id for the liability. The accuracy in valuation that is provided for liabilities or assets is the key advantage for fair value accounting on an ongoing basis(Kwong, 2010). As a company marks down the value of certain liability or asset in case there is a decrease in market price for the same or increases it in case there is an increase in its prices. This method allows disclosure related to true income, it limits a companys ability for manipulating its net reported income. Management sometimes purposely make use of certain asset sales for incorporating in gains or losses in its books of accounts form net income at a desired time. In fair value accounting procedure, gains or losses from such sales are generally taken into consideration only once it arises and not absurdly(Laili, 2008). Fair value accounting can also pose challenge to companies along with users of financial information. Fair value can often lead to challenges in companies and also to users of such reported financial reports. As fair value is taken into consideration by taking into account market prices which often fluctuates, there might be wrong reporting due to prevailing volatile condition in the market. Companies often apply market prices to existing assets and liabilities which creates huge swing in their balance sheets(Carlin, 2009). Then later when market stabilise these assets and liabilities prices drop leading to raising considerable rise in profits or losses. These temporary fluctuation in reporting reflecting temporary gains or losses for fair value accounting might provide information that are misleading at times. In times of down market fair value accounting can be very misleading and affect markets in an adverse manner. Revaluation of various assets at prices fixed in the market might lead to downward revaluation creating a depressed price, which could lead to selling of assets. In absence of fair value accounting, companies might not require to sell an asset in downmarket to prevent further devaluation of assets(Dutt, 2009). In absence of over selling pressure, downward asset prices might stop and markets can stabilise over a period of time. 3. Disclosure on the use of fair value accounting in the annual reports in listed companies of Malaysia is discussed as below. 7-Eleven Malaysia and Wonderful SME Sdn. Bhd. in Malaysia is taken into consideration. From Australia Wespac Bank and Wesfarmers Pty Ltd has been considered for the purpose of analysing fair value accounting standards(Gan, 2016). Malaysia has recently adopted IFRS standards, which has further implemented the fair value in its accounting norms and standards. Malaysian listed companies have recently adopted various significant disclosure norms for financial instruments and various asset classes. Malaysian listed companies needs to follow and comply with regulations provided in the Malaysian Accounting Standards Board (MASB) is adopting to fully implement IFRS in convergence with IASBs Standards. With new standards in IFRS 13 companies listed in Malaysia are implementing financial reporting model with marking-to-market system(Albu, 2014). Inspite of turbulences in financial markets, accounting professionals are resolving all misconceptions for fair value accounting. 7-Eleven Malaysia Holdings Berhad registered via Company No. 1058531-W has incorporated disclosures related its assets and liabilities. It consolidates a pre-combination carrying amounts with no adjustments for reflecting fair values(www.7eleven.com, Retrieved on 13th September 2017). It also recognizes new assets or liabilities on date of combination which would have been done in acquisition methodology. In case the group has any subsidiary then any loss or gain from aggregate fair value in connection to interests or controlling interests for reflecting changes directly in equity. It has evaluated any net assets also in accordance to fair value accounting standards. Wonderful SME Sdn. Bhd. has adopted fair value in all investments and hedging instruments as well. In case of any profits or losses, such are also recognised in accordance to requirements provided in the Malaysian regulations(assets.kpmg.com, Retreived on 13th September 2017). Cost of business combination and also all other costs are taken in accordance to fair value discloser requirements. It has adopted fair value model in all its evaluations. Australian Financial Reporting valuations delivers robust and accurate values that are comparable to International Australian Accounting Standards (IAS, AASB) as well as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). While valuating plant, property and equipment within organisations, compliance are adhered to strictly(Hanefah, 2012). IFRS 13 that provides disclosure requirements with respect to fair value has comparable standards in Australian equivalent that is followed and referred to as AASB113-Fair Value Measurement. Companies that are listed in Australia needs to comply and they follow set of interpretations issued by AASB which are applicable in accordance to Corporations Act 2001. Wespac Bank and Wesfarmers are well known and accredited companies listed in Australia that stringently follows fair value accounting disclosures for all their assets as well as liabilities. Wespac Bank has adopted and complied with fair value accounting standards as specified in AASB(www.westpac.com.au, Retrieved on 13th September 2017). Wespac in case of foreign exchange hedges in accrual accounts term funding transactions reversed in deriving cash earnings by creating material timing. for all its securities it has adopted fair value for reflecting on profits or loss in securities. Wesfarmers Pty Ltd has also adopted fair value accounting according to AASB where applicable for sale of its assets(www.wesfarmers.com.au, Retreived on 13th Sepetember 2017). It has recorded market values wherever applicable to reflect on appropriate profit or losses for accounting period. 4. Malaysia has successfully incorporated fair value accounting standards in all its forms. Incorporation of IFRS in Malaysia has allowed companies to accommodate and include multiple norms and standards in regards to fair value accounting means(Halim Kadri, 2009). Currently companies in Malaysia, mostly that are listed make use of fair value in accounting for disclosing their valuation of assets and liabilities. This has been able to attract considerable number of investors, shareholders and other agencies to these companies as they now represent at par standards with rest of the world. With harmonization of IFRS accounting standards in Malaysia, quality of information disclosure has improved significantly. Generally accepted worldwide that adopting International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) results in improving of quality of financial reporting(Siswantoro, 2012). As such, reports are more compatible and can have serious economic consequences, hence this gross generalization on IFRS is highly approved. Insights into adoption of IFRS standards to harmonize accounting standards has led to serious debate amongst multiple countries. Economic consequences following adoption of IFRS differs significantly across jurisdictions or countries. IFRS have been noted to supersede standards in quality of financial reporting from various countries accounting standards(Ibarra, 2011). IFRS can also result in reduction in costs of capital that is enhanced by way of incentives from financial reporting, legal systems prevailing, capital market characteristics, law enforcements and so on. Various scholars are however opposed to the idea of quality standards as evident in IFRS but in Malaysia application of fair value accounting has significantly raised quality standards in the country. Malaysian financial disclosure and norms that existed prior to adoption of IFRS provided for historical cost recording for assets as well as liabilities. Due to recording of historical costs for assets or liabilities, financial records and statement of accounts often disclosed faulty profits or losses(Muniandy, 2012). Such profits used to carried forward for years and then with sale of such assets, companies used to have large losses that is not absorbed in its financial statements. Recording assets and liabilities in according to historical costs also led to tax liability for these companies as they had large proportion of profits, which was not real in nature. Further such large tax payment later upon sale of the asset resulted in losses for the entity. Thus, investors, shareholders and other user of financial statements often found it confusing to assess the data and information as provided in the financial statements. It deterred investors and shareholders form further investing into the entity. This dissuaded investments and created large liabilities that were difficult to pay off. Cost of capital were higher in earlier cases as companies seeking additional capital had to obtain them at higher rates of interests. with adoption of fair value accounting standards costs of capital has significantly come down. Users of financial statements are able to evaluate profits or losses of a company in a better manner. They are also able to assess assets and liabilities of the company in a better form. Overall tax burden for companies are also reduced with including of appropriate market values for assets as well as liabilities into financial statements. Therefore, companies are able to plan in a better manner sell of their assets against payment for specific liabilities. Fair value accounting aims to assess prices of assets and liabilities of market value rates thus allowing better financial statement development. Further, this improvises overall quality for reporting as users of financial statements will now be easily attracted towards business entity and make investments. Financial reports can now also be evaluated against global norms which makes easy for global investors to make investments. Conclusion Analysis of above fair value accounting standards in Malaysia in accordance to IFRS has brought about several benefits in the domain of financial reporting. Financial reports of companies have come to become much more compatible and acceptable by international standards, hence its investors. Though initially the companies faced immense challenges in accommodating such standards norms and aspects into their disclosures, but currently these have been successfully overcome. However, the most important aspect of integration of such standards into financial disclosures have heightened quality of financial reporting leading to more user acceptability globally. Accommodating various aspects of IFRS has impacted not only quality but also comprehensive capabilities of these companies. Hence, companies should accept and accommodate such disclosures and norms of IFRS. Reference Lists Adibah Wan Ismail, W. A. 2013. Earnings quality and the adoption of IFRS-based accounting standards: Evidence from an emerging market. Asian Review of Accounting, 53-73. Ahmed, K. C. 2013. A meta-analysis of IFRS adoption effects. 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